First aid at bleedings

As the injury, and respectively, bleeding owing to it, can happen anywhere and when necessary, each adult has to know how to give first aid at bleedings.

Types of bleedings and their feature

Depending on a type of the injured vessel, distinguish the following types of bleedings:

• Arterial;
• Venous;
• Capillary.

Also bleedings are distinguished in the location. Hands are most often injured – bleedings of upper extremities it is the most widespread look. On the second place of a leg injury, on the third - nasal bleedings. The most dangerous look are bleedings of internals as it is difficult to notice them in time, to keep a situation under control even more difficult. Below we will consider the principles of first-aid treatment at arterial, venous, nasal and internal bleeding.

First aid at arterial and venous bleeding

Many vaguely remember that first aid at arterial bleeding consists in an applying a tourniquet on a vessel, but very few people know how it is correct to make it. Physicians warn: the applying a tourniquet can be not less dangerous, than the loss of blood, ineptly imposed plait can result in need of amputation of an extremity, and alas, quite often brings. How to give first aid at arterial bleeding, without having done harm? You remember, at an injury of a large artery of time in a stock it is a little, only 3-5 minutes. Algorithm of actions following:

1. Not to wash out and any in any other manner not to try to disinfect a wound, not to delete the small splinters which got there;
2. To apply a compressing bandage as follows: directly to impose the sterile bandage or pure fabric put in several layers on a wound (it is desirable that the dressing material was sterile if that near at hand was not, use any). To atop impose one more roller made of fabric. Then hardly to bandage everything then an extremity it is necessary to arrange higher than the level of a body. If everything is made correctly, bleeding has to stop;
3. If near at hand there was nothing that could serve as a dressing material, it is possible to try to stop bleeding by the maximum bending of the joint located above a wound;

First aid at bleedings and wounds by means of a plait. Resort to this method if it did not turn out to stop a wound in a different way. Rules are following:

• The plait (or any long piece of rubber, for example a rubber hose) is imposed 5-7 cm above a wound, but not on naked skin, and on fabric which should wrap an extremity, it is possible on a sleeve or a trouser-leg;
• Having stretched a plait, impose it in several rounds without gaps between them, the first not too hardly, each subsequent round – harder. A sign of correctly imposed plait is the bleeding stop;
• The plait has to be imposed not excessively hardly not to injure nerves. If from a plait there is severe pain, the injured vessel needs to be pressed a finger, and burn down to remove, allow the victim to have a rest from a plait, then to impose again;
• It is obligatory to record applying a tourniquet time! This extremely important condition which can save the person from possible disability. It is desirable to write time of an applying a tourniquet the handle directly on skin or the victim's clothes. The maximum time on which it is possible to impose a plait makes one and a half-two hours in the summer and one hour in the winter. During this time the patient has to be taken to hospital if there is no such opportunity, and time expired, it is necessary to remove a plait very carefully and slowly if bleeding renewed, to press a vessel a finger above a wound.

First aid at venous bleeding happens on a similar algorithm, a difference only that it is necessary to press a vessel below a wound.

First aid at nasal bleedings

As a rule, nasal bleedings are not life-threatening though look frighteningly. Nevertheless, blood loss can be considerable. Not to allow it, it is necessary to take the following actions:

1. It is necessary to insert a small tampon from cotton wool, bandage, a napkin or a handkerchief into a nostril from which there is blood. The tampon at the same time should not hurt;
2. The person needs to be seated, having slightly inclined the head down. The widespread mistake is made by people who as first aid at nasal bleeding stack the person on a back or force it to throw back the head. It can lead to the fact that blood will flow down on a back wall of a throat;
3. On area of a nose to put a cold compress or any cold subject;
4. To slightly squeeze nose wings.

First aid at internal bleeding

Independently it is difficult to distinguish internal bleeding. Its indirect sign after the happened injury, is the aggravation of symptoms of the person, blanching of integuments, the appeared cold sweat, blackout. Blood at the same time can be emitted with vomiting or with a stake, but it is not obligatory. If you noticed such signs, as first aid at internal bleeding it is necessary to undertake the following:

• At an injury of a breast to give to the person a semi-sitting position, at an injury of an abdominal cavity – lying;
• To provide inflow of fresh air;
• To put cold to a stomach or a thorax;
• To prohibit the victim to eat, drink, move and talk;
• To immediately take the person to hospital.

The last point is urgent not only for injuries of internals. In case of massive blood loss delivery of the victim in clinic for rendering the qualified medical assistance will be the main first-aid station at bleeding of any kind.