X-ray analysis

What is represented by a X-ray analysis

The X-ray analysis represents a research of internals and systems of a human body by their projection to special paper or a film by means of X-ray. The X-ray analysis is the first method of medical visualization which allowed to receive the image of fabrics and bodies, to investigate them at human life. This diagnostic method was open in 1895 when the German physicist Wilhelm Konrad Rentgen registered property of x-ray emission to darken a photographic plate.

Because the X-ray analysis assumes a research of three-dimensional objects which on a X-ray sensitive film are represented by flat, it is necessary to do pictures at least in two projections to find localization of the pathological center.

It is possible to carry the following to advantages of a X-ray analysis:

• ease of carrying out and wide availability;
• lack of special preparation for the majority of researches;
• rather low cost, except for researches with obtaining results in a digital form;
• absence the operator dependence that allows to use the obtained data on consultation at various specialists.

Despite wide circulation, the X-ray analysis has also the shortcomings:

• the image turns out "frozen" that complicates assessment of function of body;
• harmful effects of ionizing radiation on the studied organism;
• low informational content in comparison with modern tomographic methods that is explained by projective stratification of anatomical structures the x-ray image;
• need of use of the contrasting substances at a X-ray analysis of soft tissues.

Thorax X-ray analysis

This diagnostic method allows to investigate lymph nodes, blood vessels, respiratory tracts, lungs, heart. Usually the X-ray analysis of a thorax assumes two pictures, from a breast and from a back, however in case of serious condition of the patient also one picture is admissible. Before this research no special preparation is required, however because of a negative impact of radiation on a fruit it is not recommended to carry out a X-ray analysis during pregnancy.

The X-ray analysis of a thorax is appointed in the following cases:

• for definition of the reason of cough, an asthma or a stethalgia;
• at such cardiological problems as heart failure or the increased heart;
• for the purpose of diagnosis of lung cancer, pneumonia, a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a mucoviscidosis, pheumothorax;
• for detection of fractures of edges, small damages, and also the problems causing pulmonary hypostasis;
• for the purpose of identification of foreign objects in lungs, airways and a stomach.

Backbone X-ray analysis

The pictures received as a result of a backbone X-ray analysis allow to define a structure and density of a bone tissue, shift of vertebrae, existence of erosion, to reveal roughness of contours and sites of thinning or a thickening of a bast layer of bones. It is reasonable to conduct this research in the following cases:

• for diagnosis of deformation, incomplete dislocations, changes and shift of vertebrae;
• for the purpose of identification of degenerative changes of a backbone, infectious diseases and inborn malformations;
• for assessment of a condition of a backbone at metabolic frustration and arthritis;
• for the purpose of identification of defeats of intervertebral disks.

The X-ray analysis of a backbone does not demand any special preparation, it is necessary to follow strictly only during the research to instructions of the doctor, adopting the necessary provision on a x-ray table and holding at some point the breath.

X-ray analysis of lungs

The doctor can appoint a X-ray analysis of lungs in the presence at the patient of such symptoms as a pneumorrhagia, dry cough, the general weakness, the increased temperature, loss of weight, pain in lungs or to back. This research allows to diagnose tuberculosis, pneumonia, tumors or fungus diseases of lungs, and also to reveal foreign bodys.

As a rule, the X-ray analysis of lungs assumes receiving two pictures – by means of front and side roentgenograms. Small children during this research should be in lying situation, and the doctor at assessment of the roentgenogram has to consider the changed proportions and features of blood supply of lungs when finding the person in horizontal position on spin. The X-ray analysis of lungs does not assume any special preparation.

X-ray analysis of joints

This diagnostic method is used usually at chronic or long arthritis, and also at suspicion on the deforming osteoarthrosis. At other rheumatic diseases in most cases the X-ray analysis of joints allows to reveal symptoms much later, than laboratory researches or observations of the overall clinical picture. However x-ray films are all the same necessary, they will allow to compare results of further researches to initial data.

In case of a research of symmetric joints the roentgenogram becomes in direct and side projections, and at diagnosis of diseases of shoulder or hip joints one more additional projection – slanting is required.

For detection of a disease data of a X-ray analysis of joints are analyzed in the following order:

• the outline of a joint crack – its narrowing testifies to an initial stage of a pseudorheumatism;
• the joint ends of bones - their bone structure, a ratio, a form, the sizes;
• condition of periartikulyarny soft tissues;
• contours of a cortical layer.

At assessment of a X-ray analysis of joints the clinical picture, prescription of a disease and age of the patient is considered.

Skull X-ray analysis

Surprisingly, but this method малоинформативен at diagnosis of craniocereberal injuries, but at the same time the X-ray analysis of a skull is reasonable in the following cases:

• for the purpose of detection of fractures of skull;
• for diagnosis of a tumor of a hypophysis;
• at detection of inborn malformations;
• for diagnosis of some metabolic and endocrine diseases.

The doctor can direct to a skull X-ray analysis in the presence of such symptoms as a loss of consciousness, dizziness, head pains, disturbance of a hormonal background.

As a rule, this research is carried out in five projections – left and right side, perednezadny, posteroanterior and axial. The X-ray analysis of a skull does not assume any special preparations, the only requirement – lack of any metal objects (jewelry, dentures, points) in a radiation zone.

Except the listed types of a X-ray analysis, the stomach and a duodenum, a gall bladder and biliary tract, a large intestine, various departments of a peripheral skeleton, an abdominal cavity, a cavity of the uterus and passability of fallopian pipes, and also teeth can be investigated by the same way.