Prevention of tuberculosis

Description:

Prevention of tuberculosis is a social problem, and has to include social, sanitary and specific actions. Preventive measures in relation to tuberculosis assume chemoprophylaxis and BTsZh-vaccination. Vaccine BTsZh (its name came from surnames of scientists, created it – Kalmet and Gerard) was registered in 1936. In the same time the decree on vaccination of the population of the country was issued. Dry vaccine BTsZh appeared later – in 1961. This vaccine has clear advantages, its period of validity is prolonged up to 3 months. A release form – on 20 doses in 1 ampoule. Is issued complete with solvent. The dose entered for the purpose of prevention of tuberculosis makes 0,1 ml, and the technique of vaccination assumes a set of 0,2 ml, only a half of which is entered. Introduction of vaccine BTsZh is carried out in maternity hospital for 3-7 day of life of the child. This inoculation is a suspension of the weakened mycobacteria capable to cause an immune response, but not capable to infect an organism. At physiological development of an immune response on site of a swelling the sore develops, it is granulated and within 2 months heals. The size of the scar remaining with vaccinated is in direct dependence at most of an immune response. As a result of hypodermic introduction of BTsZh specific antitubercular immunity develops. Vaccinated children, on condition of the normal immune status, or will not get sick at all, or will have an infection benign. After vaccination immunity remains 5 more years. The revaccination is carried out aged 7 and 14 years.
Contraindications to vaccination of BTsZh can be relative or absolute. Absolute contraindications to vaccination include prematurity of the child, existence of a hemolitic disease of the newborn, existence of infectious process. The revaccination is not carried out in the presence of tubercular process, heavy somatopathies (especially allergic).
Earlier tuberculosis was considered as a disease of the poor. However now any person, despite age, sex and financial prosperity can meet tuberculosis. Secondary prevention of tuberculosis is identification of process at early stages. For this purpose it is necessary to study annually fluorography and at identification of pathological symptoms to consult with the doctor.
Chemoprophylaxis of tuberculosis is carried out in the following cases:
- contact of children and teenagers with TB patients;
- existence of a heavy diabetes mellitus owing to high risk of development of tuberculosis;
- the postponed tuberculosis in the anamnesis, existence of the old fibrous centers;
- existence of a peptic ulcer;
- long reception of glucocorticoids;
- existence of a pneumoconiosis and other occupational  diseases.
For performing chemoprophylaxis use an isoniazid in calculation of 10 mg on 1 kg of weight. Duration of a preventive course reaches 3 months.

Patients with a bakteriovydeleniye shall be isolated. Places of their stay are exposed to the careful disinfection which is carried out by chloroamine or chloric lime. In the conditions of isolation of the patient has to have separate ware, his clothes have to be exposed to sterilization, and next-to-skin and bed to linen are surely boiled.