Heart diseases

Description:

Heart diseases are the inborn or acquired changes of structures of heart (valves, partitions, walls, the departing vessels) breaking the movement of blood in heart or on big and small circles of blood circulation.

Symptoms of Heart diseases:

The most widespread and heavy inborn defects can be divided into two main groups. The heart diseases caused by existence of bypass ways (shunts) because of which arriving from lungs the blood enriched with oxygen is pumped back in lungs get into the first group. At the same time load both of a right ventricle, and of the vessels bringing blood to lungs increases. Treat such defects:
patent ductus arteriosus — a vessel on which at a fruit blood bypasses yet not working lungs;
defect of an interatrial partition (preservation of an opening between two auricles by the time of the birth);
defect of an interventricular partition (a crack between the left and right ventricles).

Other group of defects is connected with existence of the obstacles to a blood-groove leading to increase in an operational load at heart. Coarctation (narrowing) of an aorta or narrowing (stenosis) of pulmonary or aortal valves of heart concern to them, for example.

Valve insufficiency (expansion of a valve opening at which the closed shutters of the valve are not closed completely, passing blood in the opposite direction) at adults can be shown owing to a gradual degeneration of valves at two types of inborn disturbances:
at 1 percent of people the arterial valve has not three, but only two shutters,
the prolapse of the mitral valve occurs at 5-20 percent. This disease, harmless for life, seldom results in serious insufficiency of the valve.

In completion of these cordial troubles, many types inborn disturbances of heart and blood vessels meet not only separately, but also in various combinations. For example, Fallo's tetrad, the most frequent reason of cyanosis (cyanosis) of the child, is a combination of four heart diseases at once: defect of an interventricular partition, narrowing of an exit from a right ventricle (a stenosis of the mouth of a pulmonary artery), increase (hypertrophy) in a right ventricle and shift of an aorta.

The acquired defects form in the form of a stenosis or insufficiency of one of heart valves. Most often the mitral valve (located between the left auricle and a ventricle) is surprised, is more rare — aortal (between a left ventricle and an aorta), is even more rare — tricuspid (between the right auricle and a ventricle) and the valve of a pulmonary artery (between a right ventricle and a pulmonary artery).

Valve defects can be also combined (when 2 and more valves are surprised) and combined (when are present at one valve the phenomenon and a stenosis, and insufficiency).
Having inborn heart disease, some time after the birth the baby can look externally quite healthy. However such imaginary wellbeing seldom remains longer, than till third year of life. Afterwards the disease begins to prove: the child lags behind in physical development, short wind at exercise stresses develops, pallor or even cyanosis of skin.

Attacks which arise suddenly are characteristic of so-called "blue defects": appear concern, the child is excited, an asthma and cyanosis of skin (cyanosis) accrue, the loss of consciousness is possible. Such attacks are more often observed at children of early age (up to two years). The favourite pose of rest on cards is also inherent to them.

"Pale" defects are shown by lag in development of the lower half of a trunk and emergence at the age of 8-12 years of complaints to a headache, an asthma, dizziness, a heartache, a stomach and legs.

Reasons of Heart diseases:

All heart diseases are divided into two groups: inborn and acquired.

Inborn heart diseases arise during the period from the second to eighth week of pregnancy and occur at 5-8 newborns from one thousand.

The reasons of the majority of inborn defects of cardiovascular system still remain unknown. However, it is known that in the presence the risk of the birth of other children with such defect increases in a family of one child with heart disease a little, but nevertheless remains quite low — from 1 to 5 percent. Inborn heart diseases can be also caused by impact on an organism of mother of radiation, to be result of inclusion in time of pregnancy of alcohol, drugs, some medicines (lithium drugs, warfarin). The viral and other infections transferred the woman in the first trimester of pregnancy (a rubella, flu, hepatitis B) are also dangerous.

The last researches showed that children of the women suffering from the excess weight or obesity risk to be born with inborn heart disease and other disturbances of work of cardiovascular system 36 percent more, than children of women with a normal weight. The communication reason between the weight of mother and risk of development of heart disease in their future children is not established yet.

Rheumatism and infectious endocarditis are the most frequent reasons of the acquired heart disease, is more rare — atherosclerosis, an injury or syphilis.

Treatment of Heart diseases:

Now many of heart diseases will respond to surgical treatment that provides a possibility of further normal life. The majority of these operations is performed on the stopped heart with use of the cardiopulmonary bypass (CB). At people with the main methods of operational treatment acquired by heart diseases the mitral commissurotomy and prosthetics of valves are.