Cancer of a thyroid gland

Description:

The malignant tumor of a thyroid gland is the disease arising with an abnormal growth of cells in gland. The thyroid gland is located in a front part of a neck and has the form of a butterfly. It produces hormones which regulate power consumption, providing normal life activity of an organism.
Cancer of a thyroid gland is one of rare types of cancer. The forecast it is in most cases favorable for the diseased as this type of cancer usually comes to light at early stages and will well respond to treatment. The cured cancer of a thyroid gland can recur sometimes years later after treatment.
Types of cancer of thyroid gland:

•    papillary (about 76%)
•    follicular (about 14%)
•    medullary (about 5-6%)
•    undifferentiated and anaplastic cancer (about 3,5-4%)

Less often sarcoma, a lymphoma, a fibrosarcoma, epidermoid cancer, metastatic cancer to which share 1-2% of all malignant new growths of a thyroid gland fall meets.
Types of cancer of thyroid gland:

•    papillary (about 76%)
•    follicular (about 14%)
•    medullary (about 5-6%)
•    undifferentiated and anaplastic cancer (about 3,5-4%)

Less often sarcoma, a lymphoma, a fibrosarcoma, epidermoid cancer, metastatic cancer to which share 1-2% of all malignant new growths of a thyroid gland fall meets.
Papillary cancer of a thyroid gland. Papillary cancer of a thyroid gland occurs both at children (more rare), and at adults, reaching the peak of incidence at the age of 30-40 years. Papillary cancer of a thyroid gland comes to light when scanning as a dense, single "cold" node. Almost in 30% of cases at papillary cancer there are metastasises. At children (to pubertal age) papillary cancer of a thyroid gland proceeds more aggressively in comparison with adults, metastasises both in cervical lymph nodes, and in lungs take place more often.
Follicular cancer of a thyroid gland.
Occurs at adults, is more often at the age of 50-60 years. It is characterized by slow growth. The course of follicular cancer more aggressive, than papillary, often it gives metastasises in lymph nodes of a neck, is more rare – the remote metastasises in bones, easy and other bodies.
Medullary cancer of a thyroid gland.
This type of cancer can be followed by the erased clinical picture of an Icenco-Cushing syndrome, "inflows", face reddening, diarrhea. Medullary cancer on a current is more aggressive in comparison with papillary and follicular, gives metastasises in nearby lymph nodes and can extend to a trachea and muscles. Rather seldom metastasises in easy and various internals take place.
Anaplastic cancer of a thyroid gland.
This cancer represents the tumor consisting of so-called cells of a carcinosarcoma and epidermoid cancer. Usually such tumor is preceded by a nodal craw which was observed for many years. The disease develops at elderly people when the thyroid gland begins to increase quickly, leading to dysfunctions of bodies of a mediastinum (suffocation, difficulty when swallowing, a dysphonia). The tumor quickly grows, burgeoning in nearby structures.
Less often metastasises of a malignant tumor in a thyroid gland meet. The melanoma, a breast cancer, a stomach, lungs, a pancreas, intestines, and also a lymphoma belong to such tumors.
in more detail

Symptoms of Cancer of thyroid gland:

The clinical symptomatology in initial stages is almost not expressed. It is necessary to consider that many malignant tumors arise against the background of it is long the existing benign craw. One of the first objective symptoms are bystry increase in already existing struma, its consolidation and tuberosity.
Quite often at survey at the patient reveal asymptomatically the arisen and progressing node in a thyroid gland. In this case it is necessary to suspect a malignant tumor (in spite of the fact that single thyroid nodules are in most cases good-quality).
In healthy gland the tumoral node arises usually in one of shares, is more often in its lower pole; less often it appears in an isthmus of gland and extends in both shares. The tumor is represented roundish in the beginning, smooth and has more dense consistence, than tissue of a thyroid gland. With growth it becomes hilly, loses a clear boundary and takes one or both shares. More often growth of a tumor goes kzad where it, sprouting gland capsule, squeezes a recurrent nerve and a trachea, causing a voice osiplost, difficulty of breath and an asthma at an exercise stress. In cases of a prelum of a gullet swallowing is broken and there is a dysphagy (swallowing disturbance). Further neck muscles, cellulose and a neurovascular bunch are involved in tumoral process. On skin the dense network of sharply expanded veins appears.
The hyperadenosis on the party of defeat assumes an ozlokachestvleniye. More than 50% of cases of cancer for the first time diagnose for children in connection with increase in cervical lymph nodes.
Paralysis of a phonatory band on the party of a node - always a symptom of cancer, infiltrirovavshy a recurrent guttural nerve. As paralysis of a phonatory band can proceed without disturbance of a voice, the glottis should be examined by a direct laringoskopiya.

Reasons of Cancer of thyroid gland:

Radiation. At people who are subject to high radiation levels the risk of development of papillary and follicular cancer of thyroid gland is higher.
One of sources of beam radiation – X-ray. Usual X-ray, for example tooth X-ray or X-ray for a thorax, have very small doses of radiation. Their advantage almost always outweighs risk. However repetition of this procedure can do harm. It is always necessary to consult with the doctor about need of radiological inspection and how to protect an organism from radiation.

Cancer therapy of a thyroid gland:

Tactics of treatment is defined by histologic type of a tumor, its aggression and prevalence, age, etc. It is defined in each case individually.
Radical cancer therapy of a thyroid gland - surgical - full or incomplete removal of a thyroid gland (thyroidectomy) with carried away lymph nodes and cellulose of a neck from one or both parties. At children's age in order to avoid further endocrine disturbances leave a small part of not struck part of a thyroid gland (a subtotal thyroidectomy).
When the diagnosis of cancer before operation not was economical intervention is made and is made, resort to repeated operation in radical volume with radiation in before - or the postoperative period.
According to indications use the combined method. At the first stage of treatment carry out a remote gamma therapy on primary tumor and zones of regional innidiation on a neck, and on the second - radical surgical intervention.
In case of development of a hypothyroidism after removal of gland of operation - lifelong administration of drugs of hormones of a thyroid gland is shown.
Many types of cancer of thyroid gland demand medicamentous suppression of development in an organism of thyritropic hormone.
A peculiar feature of patients with cancer of a thyroid gland is the possibility of active treatment of the remote metastasises. In relation to tumors of other localizations, usually development of the remote, in particular multiple, metastasises of malignant tumors excludes any ways of radical influence. At metastasises of cancer of thyroid gland very favorable results receive at treatment by a radioiodine. Under the influence of this drug at a remote thyroid gland at many patients metastasises in lungs completely disappear and their growth in bones is considerably slowed down. Use of a radioiodine allowed to improve results of cancer therapy of a thyroid gland considerably. At very common forms of cancer of thyroid gland with the palliative purpose apply radiation therapy or chemotherapy. At the same time quite often there are indications to a tracheostomy (opening of a trachea and introduction to its gleam of a special tube for breath recovery) as the leading and most terrible symptom of the started stages is the trachea prelum which is quite often leading to heavy suffocation up to acute asphyxia. Then this operation is carried out in the emergency order, and technically it is represented exclusively difficult because access to a trachea is closed by a tumor array.
Innidiation. Usually the tumor does not metastasize. Only group of tumors of a thyroid gland to which carry its high-malignant forms (small-celled and anaplazirovanny forms of cancer, sarcomas of a thyroid gland of various structure) early enough give metastasises in lungs, bones, a liver, a kidney, a pleura, a brain and other bodies. Tumors of a moderate zlokachestvennost can are limited to metastasises in lymph nodes on a neck.