Disorders of thinking

Description:

Disturbance of thinking on speed, contents, structure.

Symptoms of Disorders of thinking:

The following options of disorders of thinking are allocated: on speed, contents, structure.
Disorders of thinking on speed include:
* - acceleration of thinking which is characterized by acceleration of tempo of speech, a gallop of the ideas which at considerable expressiveness of speed do not manage to be stated (fuga idearum). Often the ideas have productive character and are associated with high creative activity. The symptom is characteristic of manias and hypomanias.
"Once you think of one, and at once there is desire to tell about details, but then the new idea appears. You do not manage to write down all this and if to write down, then new thoughts appear again. Especially interestingly at night when nobody disturbs, and there is no wish to sleep. It seems that for an hour you can write the whole book."
* - delay of thinking - the reduction of number of associations and delay of tempo of speech which is followed by difficulty in selection of words and formation of the general concepts and conclusions. It is characteristic of depressions, asthenic symptoms, it is noted also at the minimum disorders of consciousness.
"Here again I something was asked, and I need time to concentrate then I cannot. Told everything and there are no thoughts any more, it is necessary to repeat again everything at first, yet I will not be tired. When ask about conclusions, in general it is necessary to think long better if there is homework."
* - a mentism - flow of thoughts which quite often has violent character. Usually such thoughts versatile cannot be also stated.
* - шперрунг - "obstruction" of thoughts, is perceived by the patient as break of thoughts, sudden emptiness in the head, a zamolkaniye. Шперрунг and a mentism are characteristic more of schizophrenia and shizotipichesky frustration.
"All this looks as a whirlwind at the time of the conversation or when you think, there is a lot of thoughts and they are confused, there is no left, but it is not better if they disappear. Only pronounced the word, and there is no following, and the thought disappeared. Often from it you are lost and you leave, people take offense, but that can be done if you do not know when it is."
According to contents the affective thinking, egocentric thinking, paranoid, obsessivny and supervaluable thinking belongs to disorders of thinking.
The affective thinking is characterized by dominance in thinking of emotionally charged representations, high dependence of thinking on people around, bystry reaction cogitative and inseparable from it emotionally process on any, often insignificant incentive (affective instability). The affective thinking is characteristic of the patients suffering from frustration of mood (depressive or maniacal thinking). The system of judgments and representations at affective thinking completely is defined by the leading mood.
"It seems that you already for yourself solved everything. But you get up in the morning - and everything was gone, mood anywhere, and all decisions should be cancelled. Or happens that someone will upset, and then you are angry with all. But happens and vice versa, a trifle, you will be told that you look good, and the whole world another and there is a wish to rejoice."
Egocentric thinking - at this type of thinking all judgments and representations are fixed on a nartsistichesky ideal, and also on that, it is useful or harmfully own personality. The others, including social representations, are swept aside. Such type of thinking often forms at dependent persons, and also at alcoholism and drug addiction. At the same time egocentric lines can be normative for children's age.
"It is not clear that all of them demand from me, parents consider that I have to study, N. with which I am on friendly terms that I need to look better. It seems that nobody on the present understands me. If I do not study and I do not work and I do not want to earn money, then there are I and not the person, but I disturb nobody, I do only what is pleasant to me. You will not please all, and the dog is walked let, she loves them more."
Paranoid thinking - the crazy ideas which are combined with suspiciousness, distrustfulness, rigidity are the cornerstone of thinking. The nonsense - the false conclusion arising on a painful basis, for example, it can be secondary from the changed mood increased or lowered, hallucinations, or primary, as a result of formation by the person, only to the clear patient of logic.
"Too much communicates in one chain around. When went to work me the man dressed in all black at work pushed then there were two suspicious calls, lift a tube and I hear spiteful silence and someone's breath. Then at an entrance the new text "Again you here" appeared, then houses cut off water supply. I come to a balcony and I see the same man, but disguised as a blue shirt. What do all of them want from me? It is necessary to add the additional lock on a door."
The paranoid thinking is characteristic of schizophrenia, paranoid disorders and the induced crazy frustration, and also organic crazy frustration. Nonsense equivalents at children are bredopodobny imaginations and supervaluable fears. At bredopodobny imaginations the child tells about the fantastic thought-up world, and is sure that it really exists, replacing reality. In this world there are kind and angry characters, aggression and love. It the same as nonsense, is not criticized, but is very changeable as any imagination. Supervaluable fears are expressed in fears in relation to objects which have in itself no such phobic component. For example, the child can be afraid of a corner of the room, a part of a body of parents, electric heaters, window leaves. The full picture of nonsense appears at children only after 9 years more often.
The supervaluable thinking includes the supervaluable ideas which are not always false conclusions, develop at special stenichny persons, however they dominate in their mental life, forcing out all other motives, the criticism to them is absent. Examples of supervaluable educations are the ideas of revolutionary transformation of the world, invention, including the invention of the perpetual motion machine, an elixir of youth, a philosophers' stone; the ideas of physical and moral perfection by means of infinite number of psychotechnics; the ideas of barratry and fight against the particular person by means of judicial proceedings; and also the supervaluable ideas of a collecting for which implementation the patient subordinates to a passion subject without the rest all the life. A psychological analog of supervaluable thinking is process of formation and formation of love.
The supervaluable thinking is characteristic of paranoid frustration of the personality.
"I quarreled with the relatives and wanted to live separately. But it is absolutely impossible as I have no place to take out the collection. They accuse me that I spend all money for old and empty bottles and they everywhere, further in a toilet. There are bottles of times of a siege of Sevastopol British and French for which I gave fortune. What they in it understand? Yes, I at gave the wife for what she broke, allegedly accidentally, a bottle I hard got which. But for it I was ready to kill her, I exchanged it for the whole collection of beer bottles."
The Obsessivny thinking is characterized by in the same way repeating thoughts, representations, memoirs, actions, fears, rituals which arise without volition of the patient, usually against the background of alarm. However to them, unlike nonsense and the supervaluable ideas, there is a full criticism. The notions of compulsion can be expressed in the repeating memoirs, doubts, for example in memories of the heard melody, an insult, persuasive doubts and recheck of the switched-off gas, the iron, the closed door. The persuasive inclination is also followed by the notions of compulsion which have to be impulsively executed, for example persuasive theft (kleptomania), arsons (pyromania), suicide (suitsidomaniye). I can lead the notions of compulsion to phobias, that is persuasive fears, for example fears of crowded places and open spaces (agoraphobia), the closed spaces (claustrophobia), pollution (mysophobia), fear to catch a specific disease (nosophobia) and even to fear of fear (fobofobiya). Emergence of fears is avoided by rituals.
"Kostya in the childhood when went on examination, had to put on at first, and then undress, 21 times to touch me, and then still to wave three times from the street. Then it became more difficult. He washed 20 - 30 minutes, and then at all for hours was in a bathroom. It spent a half of my salary for shampoo. On hands it from water had cracks, so it rubbed palms with a sponge, thinking that it so washes away an infection. Besides, he was afraid of sharp objects and demanded to clear them the table not to be cut. And is for it - the whole torture. He puts a spoon at the left, then on the right, then slightly levels it in relation to a plate, then levels a plate and so indefinitely. When he puts on trousers, shooters have to be equal, but for this purpose he has to climb on a sofa and lower trousers from a sofa. If something is impossible to it, everything repeats at first."
The Obsessivny thinking is characteristic of obsessivno-compulsive frustration, anankastny and alarming frustration of the personality.
Disorders of thinking on structure can be subdivided into change of system of logic (paralogistic thinking), change of smoothness and connectivity of thinking.
E. A. Shevalev subdivides paralogistic thinking on prelogichesky, autistic, formalizing and identifying. Each of these types of thinking is based on own logic.
The Prelogichesky thinking is an equivalent of the mythopoetic thinking described by us above. At psychopathology such thinking is characterized by filling of images and representations with the ideas of sorcery, mysticism, psychopower, religious heresy, sectarianism. The whole world can be understood in symbols of poetic, sensual logic and speak proceeding from intuitive representations. The patient is sure that he has to behave so, but not differently on the basis of signs of the nature or own presentiments. Such thinking can be considered regressive as reminds children's thinking. Thus, the prelogichesky thinking operates with the archaic logic characteristic of the ancient people. It is characteristic of acute sensual delirium, hysterical frustration of the personality.
"All these troubles are connected with what me was maleficiated. I went to the psychic, and he told that it is necessary to put the screen from a malefice and damage and gave some grass. It helped at once, but then the neighbor told that damage repeats, and showed the soiled door and the thrown bunch of hair. Went to church and asked to consecrate the apartment as troubles proceeded, and the husband began to come drunk every evening. It helped for a while too. Has to be, a strong malefice. Went to the grandmother Marfa who gave the loaded photo, hid it under the husband's subwushu. He slept tight, but in the evening got drunk again. Against a strong malefice also the strong power engineering specialist is necessary, probably."
The autistic thinking is characterized by absorption of the patient to the world of own imaginations which in a symbolical form compensate inferiority complexes. At external coldness, detachment from reality, indifference strikes rich, fancy and often fantastic inner world of the patient. A part from these imaginations is followed by the visualized representations, they fill creative products of the patient, can be filled with deep philosophical contents. Thus, behind colourless scenes of the personality there are magnificent feasts of sincere life. In other cases at change of an emotional state patients autists can openly show the creative imagination. This phenomenon is designated as "autism inside out". The child autist has rather rich imaginations, and even high achievements in separate abstract fields of knowledge, for example philosophies, astronomies, mask avoiding of corporal contact, a look, in-coordinate motility and motor stereotypies. One of autists so symbolically expressed the world: "it is strong to be secured by a ring of self-creativity outside". The autistic thinking is under construction on fantasy logic which is clear proceeding from unconscious individual motivation and is compensation of high sensitivity to a stress. Therefore the autistic world is a peculiar flight from cruel reality. It is characteristic of schizophrenia, shizotipichesky and schizoid frustration of the personality though can occur also at aktsentuation, that is at mentally healthy.
"My son is 21 years old, and I constantly am engaged in it as he was always unusual a boy. He ended 11 classes, but in a class did not know anybody. I agreed about estimates. Does not go to the street itself, only with me. Reads only books about birds. Can sit for hours on a balcony and look at sparrows or titmouses. But why it needs it, never speaks. Keeps diaries, and used up a set of thick notebooks. To them it is written so: "she flew up and sat down on a branch and carried out three times by a leg on an abdomen", a row drew a birdie, and these drawings with different comments on all notebooks. I it persuaded to go to the university, but he refused, it to it is uninteresting. When we leave to walk, he stops at some tree and looks long at birds, then writes down. He writes nobody about the observations and does not want to speak about them, he does not watch TV and does not read newspapers, does not know, how much for bread."
The formalizing thinking can be also called bureaucratic. Cognitive life of such patients is filled with rules, regulations and schemes which are usually scooped from a social environment or are connected with education. It is impossible to go beyond these schemes and if the reality does not correspond to them, then such persons have an alarm, a protest or aspiration to edifications. It is characteristic of paranoid frustration of the personality and a disease of Peak.
"Around the world there has to be an order. It is absolutely incorrect that some of our neighbors come home late, I fight against it, and made on an entrance the lock with keys. All we reached earlier, is connected with order, there is no order now. Everywhere there is a dirt because do not remove, it is necessary to recover the state control over everything that people were not unsteady down the street. It is not pleasant to them that at work I demand to report - who where went and when returns. Without it it is impossible. There is no house too about, every day hang up the scheme how many it is spent and how many calories the wife and the daughter depending on their weight have to use."
The symbolical thinking is characterized by a producing symbols clear only to the patient which can be extremely elaborate and put (neologisms) which are thought up into words. So, for example, one of patients so explains the word "syphilis" - strong physically, and the word "tuberculosis" - I take that which I love to tears. In other words, if the usual difficult concept (symbol) can be interpreted proceeding from features of culture (collective unconscious), religious allegories, semantics of group, then at symbolical thinking such interpretation is possible only proceeding from unconscious or last experience personal glubinno. It is characteristic of schizophrenia.
"I not just like that decided that my parents not the presents. The matter is that in my name Kirill, the truth is ciphered. It consists of the words "Mineral tar" - there was such tsar, apparently, and "silt", that is found in the swamp. Means, me just found also a name at me the present, and the surname did not."
"Patient L., creates the special symbolical font constructed on inclusion "women's in understanding of a letter": and - anesthetizing, - shaving, in - carrying out, - looking, д - extracting, е - natural, - vital, living, з - healthy, and - going...... N - real... with - free... ф - milling, naval... щ - panel board. ю - yuveliruyushchy."
The identifying thinking is characterized by the fact that the person uses in the thinking meanings, expressions and concepts which are actually belonging not to it, and other, often authoritative, dominant persons. This option of thinking becomes norm in the countries with totalitarian regime demanding permanent links on authority of the leader and his understanding of this or that situation. This thinking is caused by the mechanism of projective identification. It is characteristic of dependent and dissotsialny frustration of the personality.
"I try to explain to them - it is not necessary to act this way because you will be condemned and will not be understood. Who? In total. It is necessary to behave so that you were as all. When I am called "upward", I always think that I did it that learned about me, all as though as it should be. I not worse also am not better than others. I love songs of the singer P., bought a dress as from her. I like our president, he is very accurate person, correctly everything speaks."
Changes of smoothness and connectivity of thinking are shown in the following frustration: amorphy of thinking is expressed in connectivity presence among themselves on sense of separate parts of the offer and even separate offers at an uskolzaniye of the general meaning of what was said. An impression is made that the patient "floats", or "spreads", being not able to express the general thought told or to answer directly a question. It is characteristic of schizoid frustration of the personality and aktsentuation.
"You ask about when I left institute. Generally so. The situation it seems developed so that I wanted to study not really, gradually somehow. But not about it the speech, right after receipt there was already a disappointment, and everything ceased to be pleasant. So day by day there was a wish to change something, but that - I did not know, and everything ceased to interest me, and ceased to go to classes because of this disappointment. When it is not interesting, you understand, just there is no need to study further, it is better to work mind though no special troubles existed. And what you asked a question?"
The subject and specific thinking is characteristic of mentally retarded persons, is expressed by the primitive speech with formal logic. For example, on a question - as you understand a saying "Like father like son?" answers: "Apples always fall near a tree". It is characteristic of mental retardation and dementias.
The Rezonersky thinking is expressed in a rassuzhdatelstvo concerning a question instead of the direct answer to a question. So, the spouse of one patient so speaks about the husband: "It is such smart that it is absolutely impossible to understand what he speaks about".
The patient answers the question "How Do You Feel?": "Watching what you understand as the word of feeling. If you understand as them your feeling with my feelings, then your feeling will not correspond to my thoughts of your feelings".
It is characteristic of shizotipichesky frustration, schizophrenia and aktsentuation.
The detailed thinking is characterized by detailing, viscosity, jamming on separate details. At answers even on a simple question the patient tries to go deep into the smallest details infinitely. It is characteristic of epilepsy.
"I am disturbed by headaches. You know, here in this place of a temple slightly presses, especially when you get up or right after you lay down, sometimes after food. Such easy pressure in this place happens when you read much, then slightly pulses and something fights... Then potashnivat, it happens at all seasons of the year, but especially often in the fall when you eat many fruit, however, and in the spring on a rain too most happens. Such strange nausea from below up also you swallow... Though not always, sometimes she is as if in one place there is a lump which you will not swallow."
Thematic sliding is characterized by sudden change of a topic of conversation and lack of communication between the said offers. For example, the patient answers the question "How Many at You Children?" "I have two children. Since morning I, apparently, overate". Thematic sliding is one of signs of special structure of thinking and the speech - a shizofaziya in which paralogistic communication between separate offers is probable. In the above-stated example, in particular, the specified connection is established between children and the fact that they refused food in the morning therefore the patient ate it.
The incoherent thinking (incoherent) - at such thinking is absent communication between separate words in the offer, repetitions of separate words (perseveration) often appear.
Verbigeration - disorder of thinking at which communication not only between words, but also between syllables is broken. The patient can say separate sounds and syllables in the same way. Various degrees of a disintegration of thought are characteristic of schizophrenia.
Speech stereotypies can be expressed both repetitions of separate words, and phrases or offers. Patients can tell the same stories, jokes (a symptom of a gramophone record). Sometimes standing turns are followed by attenuation, for example, the patient says the phrase "The headache sometimes disturbs me. Headache me sometimes. Headache me. Headache. Head". Speech stereotypies are characteristic of dementias.
Eschrolalia - dominance in the speech of obscene turns and phrases, sometimes with full replacement of the usual speech. It is characteristic of dissotsialny frustration of the personality and it is shown at all acute psychoses.

Reasons of Disorders of thinking:

The etiology depends on a basic disease.

Treatment of Disorders of thinking:

Treatment depends on a basic disease.