Craniocereberal injuries

Mechanical injuries of bones of a skull and brain of varying severity belong to the separate section of medical traumatology – cherepno to brain injuries.

Today the brain injuries complicated cherepno are in the lead in the list of the most widespread traumatic damages leading to a full or partial invalidism of victims and by a lethal outcome. According to official data of medical statistics cherepno brain injuries advance oncological and cardiovascular diseases and are in the first place among the reasons of mortality of able-bodied adult population aged up to forty five years.

This sad fact is caused by inevitably accruing acceleration of rate of modern life, the leader not only to increase in a similar type of injuries, but also to weighting of effects.

The most widespread effects cherepno of brain injuries is the disturbance of normal blood circulation of a brain, as a result, leading to partial or full loss of brain functions.

To return to full-fledged life and to save the person who was injured from cherepno brain injury, first aid has to be given immediately. And sometimes and decisive, the correct actions the first minutes after an injury are the most important.

Types of craniocereberal injuries

Injuries of soft tissues of a skull are subdivided into two main types:

- the closed injuries (hemorrhages, hematomas, bruises);

- open (wounds).

Classification cherepno of brain injuries looks as follows:

• The brain injuries closed cherepno are characterized by injuries of a brain and cranium without change of bone structures.
• The brain injuries opened cherepno are subdivided in turn into two subspecies:

- getting (with the disturbance of integrity of a firm meninx leading to posttraumatic infection of brain fabric);

- not getting (with lack of disturbances of integrity of a firm meninx).

Types of injuries of a brain at cherepno brain injuries:

- concussion;

- brain bruise;

- squeezing of a brain.

Cherepno brain injuries are classified by severity as follows:

- easy degree cherepno brain injuries (13-15. across Glasgow): bruises and concussions of the brain of easy degree;

- average degree cherepno brain injuries (9-12. across Glasgow): bruises of a moderately severe brain;

- heavy degree cherepno brain injuries (9. across Glasgow): bruises of heavy degree and squeezing of a brain.

Symptoms cherepno brain injury

The specific symptoms which are shown after cherepno brain injury are in direct dependence on its clinical form:

• Concussion of the brain. This type cherepno of a brain injury is characterized by absence of damage and a fracture of cranial bones. The composition of cerebrospinal liquid and its pressure remain normal. Symptoms - dizziness, a sonitus, weakness, sweating strengthening, a hyperemia of the person, a problem with a dream, sometimes – short-term loss of memory.
• The brain bruise – belongs to heavier type of craniocereberal injuries which effects can affect negatively on health of the victim even in several decades. Symptoms – a loss of consciousness, nausea, repeated vomiting, disturbance of functions of hearing, sight, the speech, etc. In more detail symptoms of a bruise of a brain are described in appropriate section and depend on severity of the brain injury got cherepno (easy, average or heavy).
• Brain prelum. This injury is shown by the following symptomatology: a headache of significant force, the repeating vomiting, the increased arterial pressure, an anisocoria (a mydriasis unilateral), epileptic focal seizures, disturbances of consciousness up to coma approach.

Diagnosis of a craniocereberal injury

The probability of the positive forecast concerning the victim of cherepno brain injury depends most on timely and exact diagnosis. Early diagnosis in total with the treatment adequate to weight of a condition of the patient, minimize negative effects cherepno of a brain injury and serve as pledge of a complete recovery of all life-supporting functions and systems of an organism.

Special value of early diagnosis of craniocereberal injuries is caused by great risk of development of the secondary (posttraumatic) injuries of a brain arising against the background of a hypotonic or ischemic syndrome.

The most important criterion is clarification of the neurologic status of the victim. Assessment of a condition of respiratory and cardiovascular systems of an organism is made. Though the general inspection of the patient also is irreplaceable in respect of urgent assessment of his state, it does not give rather full clinical picture therefore specialists use tool methods of diagnosing:

- radiological inspection is without fail appointed to the patients who had a craniocereberal injury and being unconscious, in addition to X-ray of department of a brain do pictures of cervical department of a backbone;

- the computer tomography is the most exact diagnostic method at cherepno brain injuries;

- lumbar puncture;

- angiography;

- measurement of intracranial pressure.

Treatment of craniocereberal injuries

The choice of tactics of maintaining the patient and treatment cherepno of a brain injury depend on its type and weight of a condition of the patient. Unconditional is the following fact – treatment cherepno of brain injuries, irrespective of degree of their weight, has to be carried out without fail in the conditions of a neurologic, neurosurgical or traumatologic hospital.

Acute first aid at cherepno brain injury means urgent transportation of any medical institution which was injured in the nearest traumatologic department.

First-aid treatment at cherepno brain injury on site of incident consists first of all in normalization and maintenance of respiratory and cordial activity of the victim. For this purpose it is necessary to provide free passing of air (to clean oral and nasal cavities from blood, slime, the emetic masses and the other pollution complicating breath). If the victim is in a depressed case use of the anesthetizing drugs is necessary.

Treatment terms cherepno of brain injuries at favorable dynamics assume stay in hospital conditions not less than 2-4 weeks, and in the first ten days after an injury - with observance of a high bed rest.