Oral cavity

The digestive tract begins an oral cavity. This not only its anatomic beginning – already in an oral cavity begins digestion of food. Besides, the oral cavity has a number of the additional functions which are not connected with digestion.

Oral cavity structure

Its borders are an oral crack in front and a throat behind. The oral crack is in turn limited to upper and lower lips.

Conditionally oral cavity is divided into two departments. The front department – an entrance of the mouth – is limited to lips and cheeks in front both teeth and jaws behind. The threshold has the horseshoe form. The back department – actually an oral cavity – in front of and from sides is limited to teeth and jaws, behind – an isthmus of the fauces which is the beginning of a throat. From above border of an oral cavity is firm and partially soft palate, from below – a muscular framework which is called a bottom of an oral cavity.

The soft palate comes to an end with a uvula which takes part in formation of a voice, and in a quiet state hangs down down. Mucous oral cavities, moving down from a soft palate, forms a uvula palatal handles on each side – between which accumulations of an adenoid tissue – palatine tonsils are located.

In an oral cavity the central place is taken by language. From it to a bottom of an oral cavity there is a bridle – a fold of a mucous oral cavity. On each side from a bridle it is possible to notice outlet openings of channels of sialadens.

Functions of an oral cavity

In a mouth digestive process begins – food is crushed by teeth, humidified with saliva with formation of a food lump, warmed or cooled up to the necessary temperature.

Saliva performs a number of important functions:

• Zymolysis of carbohydrates;
• Clarification of an oral cavity from leftovers, neutralization of the acids which are formed after meal and protection of teeth against caries;
• Specific and nonspecific host defense;
• Contains biologically active agents regulating a metabolism;
• Participates in formation of sounds.

The oral cavity takes part in breath, formation of the speech and an articulation.

Palatine tonsils play an important role in a host defense of an organism from infections. They are a part of a so-called "limfoglotochny ring" which is protective "gate" on border of respiratory tracts.

At a mouth there are microorganisms all the time – constant and non-constant. The quantity them regularly changes, and in many respects depends on hygiene of an oral cavity. Constant microflora is presented by generally anaerobic bacteria and fungi which can live without air. Contacting receptors on an epithelium surface, they play a role of a biological barrier as do not allow to breed to pathogenic microbes. Besides, own microflora promotes self-cleaning of an oral cavity, and all the time stimulates local immunity. Change of structure of microflora can lead to developing of diseases of an oral cavity.

Ways of a research of an oral cavity

Detection of pathology begins with inquiry of the person about his complaints. Most often at oral cavity diseases people complain of pain and disturbances at reception of food, a conversation, swallowing. For example, when the person shows complaints to constant feeling of dryness in a mouth, it can be a sign of depression of function of sialadens. Unpleasant began to smell from a mouth – a sign of a periodontal disease, caries or an ulitis. Defects of diction can be promoted by incorrectly picked up denture, a sky crevice.

During survey estimate a relief of a mucous membrane, its color, existence of erosion and ulcers, prints of teeth in language, health of teeth.

To reveal the diseases which are followed by excessive keratinization mucous it irradiate with luminescent beams of a lamp of Wood. Sometimes bacteriological, cytologic, immunological inspection or statement аллергопроб is required. Clinical blood test at diseases of an oral cavity is minimum necessary diagnostic testing.

Oral cavity diseases

The oral cavity is affected by the most various diseases. Inborn malformations form vnutriutrobno, and are generally presented:

• Crevice of an upper lip (one - or bilateral);
• Crevice of an under lip;
• Crevice of a hard palate;
• Lack of lips (achylia);
• Accretion of lips on each side (sinkheyliya).

Treatment of an oral cavity at such defects surgical. The thickened and shortened bridle of language is carried to stigmata of a dizembriogenez.

The group of diseases of a mucous oral cavity is very extensive - it is both infectious, and allergic, and tumoral processes. Inflammatory processes on a mucous membrane of a mouth are called stomatitis. Health of all organism is reflected in a condition of a mucous oral cavity.

Caries – the damage to tissues of tooth caused by disturbance of acidity of an oral cavity and activation of its microorganisms. In its emergence disturbances of hygiene of an oral cavity and the hereditary factors defining stability of tissues of tooth in an aggressive environment play a role. Treatment of an oral cavity at caries and other diseases of teeth – the stomatologist's task.

When as a result of decrease in local or general immunity in a mouth sort fungi Candida which are always present there actively breed, oral cavity candidiasis develops. Pathological process in an oral cavity most often occurs at newborn, elderly people and HIV-positive people. It is shown by unpleasant painful feelings, burning sensation, and on the struck surface it is possible to see a white curdled plaque under which after removal of a plaque the bright red erosion is bared. In most cases candidiasis of an oral cavity is effectively treated by local antifungal means in the form of solutions or sprays. Purpose of antifungal drugs inside in capsules and tablets is required only at the expressed immunodeficiency.

Injuries and mechanical damages of an oral cavity quickly heal thanks to high regenerative ability of a mucous membrane.