Atropine

Atropine – cholinolytic drug, a m-holinoretseptorov blocker.

Form of release and structure

Atropine is produced in the following forms:

• Solution for injections with contents in 1 ml 1 mg of Atropini sulfas (in ampoules on 1 ml);
• Eye drops of 1% with contents in 1 ml 10 mg of Atropini sulfas (in polyethylene bottles droppers on 5 ml).

Indications to use

Atropine is anticholinergic and an antispasmodic. Its active agent – poisonous alkaloid which contains in leaves and seeds of plants of family of a nightshade family, such as a henbane, a belladonna, a dope. The main chemical feature of drug consists in its ability to block m-holinoreaktivnye of system of an organism which are located in a cardiac muscle, bodies with smooth muscles, the central nervous system and secretory glands.

Use of Atropine promotes reduction of secretory function of glands, relaxation of a tone of smooth muscle bodies, a mydriasis, increase in intraocular pressure and paralysis of accommodation (ability of an eye to change focal length). Acceleration and initiation of cordial activity after use of medicine is explained by its ability to remove the braking influences of a vagus nerve. Influence of drug on the central nervous system happens in the form of stimulation of a respiratory center, and when using toxic doses perhaps motive and a hyperphrenia (spasms, visual hallucinations).

Atropine is appointed:

• Peptic ulcer of a stomach and 12-perstny gut;
• Spasms of bilious channels, smooth muscle bodies of a GIT, bronchial tubes;
• Hypersalivation (parkinsonism, poisoning with salts of heavy metals, dental interventions);
• Bradycardia;
• Acute pancreatitis;
• Intestinal and renal colic;
• Irritable colon;
• Bronchospasm;
• Bronchitis with hypersecretion;
• AV blockade;
• Laryngospasm;
• Poisoning with antikholinesterazny substances and m cholinomimetics.

Also Atropine is applied when carrying out X-ray inspections of digestive tract, to premedication before surgeries and in ophthalmology (to a mydriasis and achievement of paralysis of accommodation for the purpose of definition of a true refraction of an eye, a research of an eyeground, treatment of a spasm of the central artery of a retina, a keratitis, an iritis, a choroiditis, an iridocyclitis, an embolism and some injuries of an eye).

Contraindications

Use of Atropine is contraindicated at hypersensitivity to the components which are a part of drug.

Route of administration and dosage

Solution for injections

Depending on indications Atropine is entered subcutaneously, intramusculary or intravenously on 0,25-1 mg, frequency rate of use – to 2 times a day.

The adult for elimination of bradycardia intravenously enter 0,5-1 mg, if necessary in 5 minutes repeat administration of drug. The children's dosage is defined by body weight – 0,01 mg/kg.

For premedication Atropine is entered intramusculary in 45-60 minutes prior to anesthesia:

• Adults – on 0,4-0,6 mg;
• Children – on 0,01 mg/kg.

Eye drops

At use of Atropine in ophthalmology 1-2 drops of 1% of solution dig in in a sore eye, frequency rate of use (is defined by indications) – up to 3 times a day with observance of an interval of 5-6 hours. Introduction of 0,1% of solution is in certain cases possible:

• Subkonjyunktivalno – on 0,2-0,5 ml;
• Parabulbarno – on 0,3-0,5 ml.

For an electrophoresis enter 0,5% Atropine solution from the anode through eyelids.

Side effects

At system use of Atropine can develop:

• Tachycardia;
• Dryness in a mouth;
• Difficulty of an urination;
• Dizziness;
• Lock;
• Photophobia;
• Mydriasis;
• Accommodation paralysis;
• Disturbance of tactile perception.

At use of Atropine at treatment of eye diseases in certain cases can arise:

• Chemosis and hyperemia of an eyeglobe and century;
• Dermahemia century;
• Dryness in a mouth;
• Photophobia;
• Tachycardia.

Special instructions

Atropine should be applied with care at diseases of cardiovascular system at which increase in heart rate is undesirable:

• Tachycardia;
• Ciliary arrhythmia;
• Coronary heart disease;
• Chronic heart failure;
• Arterial hypertension;
• Mitral stenosis.

Also Atropine needs to be applied with care at a thyrotoxicosis, acute bleeding, a reflux esophagitis, the increased body temperature, increase in intraocular pressure, diseases of digestive tract which are followed by impassability, a gestosis, dryness in a mouth, nonspecific ulcer colitis, chronic diseases of lungs, a liver and renal failure, a prostatauxe without obstruction of urinary tract, a myasthenia, cerebral palsy, injury of a brain at children, a Down syndrome.

It is necessary to observe an interval not less than 1 hour between use of antiacid drugs and Atropine.

At parabulbar or subconjunctival administration of drug for the purpose of reduction of tachycardia the patient needs to give Tabulettae Validoli under language.

During treatment by Atropine it is necessary to be careful at occupations potentially dangerous types of activity and when driving motor transport.

Analogs

On the action mechanism analogs of Atropine are: Bellatsekhol, Appamid Plus, Cyclohoney, Tropikamid, Giostsiamin, Midriatsil, Tsikloptik, Midrimaks, Becarbonum.

Terms and storage conditions

Drug is released according to the recipe of the doctor. The Atropine period of validity at a temperature up to 25 °C makes:

• Solution for injections – 5 years;
• Eye drops – 3 years.