Anus

Anus anatomy

The anus (anus) is the anus which is the lower extremity of the anal channel through which the organism is left by fecal masses. The anus is surrounded with two layers of a muscular coat – sphincters – regulating its opening and closing. The external sphincter of an anus is formed by cross-striped muscles, its vigorous activity is capable to be controlled consciousness. The internal sphincter represents a peculiar thickening of smooth muscles of a rectum, and consciousness is not controlled.

The anus comes to the end with the proctal edge which is, in fact, sharp transition of a mucous membrane of the anal channel to crotch skin. At the same time the skin which is located at once outside an anus has more dark shade.

The most part of time of a muscle of an anus are in a condition of reduction, serving as a peculiar barrier to an involuntary otkhozhdeniye of a flatulention and a calla. The nasal tone of an anus of the healthy person makes 80-100 mm of a mercury column that corresponds to pressure in the lower pryamokishechny artery supplying with blood an outside sphincter and the proctal channel.

Passing the calla on a rectum gives a signal to a relaxation of an internal sphincter - is so carried out, a so-called, rektoanalny reflex. The possibility of suspension of process of defecation is implemented by means of conscious reduction of cross-striped muscles of an anus.

Length of the anal channel of the adult varies from 3-5 centimeters, being caused by his specific features. Diameter of an anus is also various: it is capable to reach from 3 to 6 centimeters. Children have an anus arrangement dorsal (located closer to a back), at distance of 2 cm from tailbone level.

Anus research methods

In a proctology distinguish the following methods of a research of an anus and a rectum:

• Manual research;
• External survey;
• Rektoromanoskopiya;
• Anorectal manometriya;
• Endosonografiya;
• Defekografiya.

Anus diseases

Distinguish several types of diseases of an anus. Treat them:

• Itch in an anus. Can be a symptom of cracks, polyps of a rectum, internal hemorrhoids, a helminthic invasion, and also an intestinal dysbiosis.
• Cracks. They represent vertical ruptures of superficial character on a mucous membrane of an anus. Emergence of cracks in an anus is promoted by false desires to the act of defecation and locks. At this disease such symptoms as the pain in an anus amplifying in time passing of fecal masses on a rectum, a burning sensation are observed. In certain cases release of blood from an anus can also speak about existence of cracks or hemorrhoids in a rectum.
• The perianal hematomas representing the formations of a dark red shade located at an anus. An origin of a perianal hematoma - a rupture of a pryamokishechny vein during the act of defecation. Treatment of perianal hematomas is performed as usual puncturation by a needle, and by means of carrying out mini-operation under local anesthesia.
• Hemorrhoids. Is followed by pathological expansion of hemorrhoidal veins, coagulation and a condensation of a venous blood in a rectum that leads to formation of hemorrhoidal nodes. At rest they decrease, at a natuzhivaniye - increase and bulk up, at the same time pains in an anus become aggravated.
• Paraproctitis. This form of a disease of an anus represents an inflammation of the fatty tissue surrounding a rectum. The main role in emergence of a paraproctitis is played by infection with streptococci, stafilokokka, colibacillus. In rare instances operating rooms or home accidents of a rectum can become causes of illness.
• Tumors. Malignant tumors of an anus arise rather seldom, without exceeding 6% of all cases of cancer, nevertheless, each of them demands the corresponding treatment. Rectum cancer symptoms to which it is worth paying attention: emergence of the specific slime, blood from an anus mixed with a fecal masses, an itch in an anus, feeling of "foreign body", locks, change of a form a calla on tape-like.

Prevention of diseases of an anus

For the prevention of manifestation of cracks, hemorrhoids and other diseases of an anus and a rectum it is recommended:

• To normalize food, having enriched the diet with the products rich with cellulose (fruit, vegetables, porridges). At the same time you should not abuse spicy, hot dishes and alcohol;
• To monitor regular bowel emptying;
• To avoid overloads at defecation. Long stay on a toilet seat (for this purpose enough to refuse a habit to read books in a toilet), and also an excessive natuzhivaniye is forbidden;
• To watch hygiene of an anus, whenever possible carrying out a wet toilet after each act of defecation;
• To normalize a physical activity. Especially this recommendation concerns the people occupied at "sedentary" work. Practice 10-15-minute breaks during which it is useful to be engaged in physically vigorous activity.