Typhoid

The infectious disease proceeding with damage of lymphatic system of intestines, severe intoxication and bacteremia, rozeolezny rash, increase in a liver, spleen and, in certain cases, with enteritis is called a typhoid.

Reason and mechanism of development of a disease

The causative agent of a typhoid is the typroid stick. She breeds in an intestines gleam, and then through his mucous membrane begins to get into the lymphatic device (Peyerova of a plaque, solitary follicles, regional lymph nodes). Further microbes from lymph nodes get to circulatory system, leading to development of bacteremia. At death of the causative agent of a typhoid the toxin causing development of the expressed intoxication of an organism of the patient is emitted.

Typhoid epidemiology

Source of an infection are patients and bacilli carriers which allocate the causative agent of a typhoid with urine and fecal masses. Special danger is constituted by the carriers of a typroid stick working in child care facilities and at the enterprises of food.

The microbe gets into a human body through a mouth. There are next ways of infection with a typhoid:

• Contact and household;
• Food;
• Water.

An important role in transmission of infection is played by flies.

People of any age are susceptible to a typhoid, but most often it strikes children of school age. After it specific and rather durable immunity therefore repeated cases of a typhoid are practically not observed forms.

Typhoid: symptoms

The incubation interval, i.e. the period from the infection moment before emergence of the first symptoms of a disease at a typhoid averages two weeks.

The disease begins to develop gradually from fervescence. Temperature rises in steps and reaches 40 degrees of S. U of the patient the febricula accrues, appetite disappears, there are locks, the sleep is interrupted.

At a palpation of a stomach reveal increase in a liver and spleen, rumbling in the right ileal part of a stomach. Language is laid over by a thick layer of a plaque, is edematous. On its edges prints from teeth are quite often visible.

In a week from the beginning of emergence of the first symptoms of a typhoid in the patient the oglushennost, drowsiness, nonsense begin to appear.

At a typhoid relative bradycardia - discrepancy of pulse rate to temperature which is available for the patient is observed. This symptom of a typhoid arises owing to severe intoxication and defeat of cardiovascular system.

For 9 - 10 days from the beginning of a disease on skin of a back, a breast and a stomach rozeolezny rash develops small, gentle-pink color. Elements of rash are slightly raised over skin and disappear when pressing on them.

In 10 – 15 days from the beginning of fervescence symptoms of a typhoid begin to disappear gradually. Body temperature decreases lytically (smoothly) and there comes the reconvalescence period (recovery and recovery of an organism).

Typhoid complications

Complications at a typhoid usually meet seldom and are most often observed at children of younger age and elderly people. They are connected with ulcer process in intestines: perforation of ulcers and/or bleeding from them.

Analyses on a typhoid

Diagnosis of a typhoid, especially at early stages of a disease, presents certain difficulties. For confirmation of the diagnosis laboratory diagnostic methods are used. In the onset of the illness carry out crops of blood (hemoculture). For this analysis on a typhoid from a vein of the patient take 10,0 ml of blood and with observance of measures of an asepsis transfer it to the glass sterile bottle containing bilious broth.

Since the beginning of the second week of a disease, make statement of reaction of Vidal. This analysis on a typhoid is more valuable at its repeated carrying out when it is possible to reveal increase of an antiserum capacity.

From 15 in the afternoon from the beginning of a disease carry out bacteriological crops a calla and urine.

In the very first days of a disease in the general blood test reveal a moderate leukocytosis (increase in quantity of leukocytes) which is replaced further by a leukopenia (decrease in quantity of leukocytes).

Thus, analyses on a typhoid, allow doctors timely and to precisely make the correct diagnosis and to appoint to the patient the correct treatment.

Typhoid: treatment

At a typhoid observance by patients of a high bed rest which has to begin from the first days of a disease is very important and proceed not less than two more weeks after normalization of body temperature.

Drug treatment of a typhoid is carried out with use of antibiotics. Most often use levomycetinum or ampicillin. Antibacterial therapy is continued and after temperature declines.

At the expressed intoxication carry out disintoxication therapy (intravenous administration of saline solutions, glucose, vitamins).

An important role in the correct treatment of a typhoid is played by a dietotherapy. The wiped soups, fermented milk products, kissels, vegetable purees, soft-boiled eggs, steam cutlets, croutons from white loaf are allowed the patient. Drink has to be plentiful that helps to reduce expressiveness of symptoms of intoxication.

Typhoid: prevention

In fight against spread of this disease the large role is played by well organized work of the public health service exercising supervision of food stuffs and water. Carrying out regular inspections on a carriage of a typroid stick of staff of child care facilities, a water intake, the enterprises of food, etc. is necessary that is an important measure of prevention of a typhoid.

All patients have to be isolated to an absolute recovery. Their extract from a hospital can be made only after negative takes of triple bacteriological researches a calla and urine.

In the center of a disease final disinfection shall be carried out current, and after hospitalization of the patient or his recovery.

Personal prevention of a typhoid consists in the most strict observance of usual sanitary and hygienic measures – washing of hands after visit of a toilet and before food, washing of vegetables and fruit before consumption. It is impossible to drink unboiled water from unchecked sources.