Testicles

Structure of testicles

Testicles (testis, seed plants) – gonads at men. Testicles are located in the lower part of a scrotum.

The small egg has the ellipsoidal form which is a little flattened from sides. Length of a small egg is equal about 4,5 cm, width – about 3 cm, thickness – about 2 cm. Testicles are located in hover on seed cords, and left slightly below than right is located. On the rear edge of each small egg the appendage, epididymis is located.

Testicles at men consist of the parenchyma concluded in the dense white formed by connecting fabric. From a white to a parenchyma of gland there are septulums dividing a small egg into segments. Septulums are located radially, from a first line, and also side surfaces go to the rear edge. In each gland there are 100-250 such segments. Each segment contains gyrose seed tubules. Tubules are covered by the spermatogenic epithelium consisting of Sertoli's cells on which spermatozoa – sex cells at men develop.

The small egg with an appendage is covered with the vulval cover forming the closed serous cavity. Testicles are intraperitoneal bodies (are located intraperitoneally), and are covered with a visceral plate which on the rear edge of body passes into parietal. The visceral plate with a white is spliced quite strongly, only on the rear edge, passing to an appendage, the cover leaves the uncovered site. In this place vessels and nerves enter gland.

In a parenchyma of testicles between tubules the cells of Leydiga producing testosterone are located.

Epididymis – narrow long pair education which lies along the rear edge of gland. The appendage forms the bulk of seminiferous ways. The appendage has an upper part (an appendage head), a middle part (an appendage body), the lower part (an appendage tail) proceeding to the canal of an epididymis. The channel of an appendage passes directly into a deferent duct.

Testicles at men initially develop in an abdominal cavity, in the pre-natal period gradually move ahead from top to bottom, by the time of childbirth being located in a scrotum cavity. Such movement is connected with features of a spermatogenesis: process of formation of spermatozoa is carried out at a temperature at 3-4 °C below, than body temperature.

Movement in the pre-natal period of a small egg to a scrotum results in some anatomic features. When passing via the pakhovy channel the small egg carries away a peritoneum and muscles of an abdominal wall, at the same time muscular and vulval covers form. Existence of a muscular coat provides a possibility of pulling up of a small egg to the inguinal channel.

At hobby for a small egg in the course of movement of a parietal peritoneum the vulval shoot of a peritoneum forms. On the site along a seed cord by the time of childbirth the vulval shoot of a peritoneum grows, at the same time the closed cavity is formed. At its not fusion inborn inguinal hernia or the reported hydrocele forms. At accumulation of liquid in the closed cavity of vulval covers of a small egg the true hydrocele – to the gidrotsela forms.

Functions of testicles and appendages

The main functions of testicles are products of testosterone and formation of spermatozoa. Functions of appendages of testicles consist in carrying out spermatozoa in a deferent duct, and also implementation of process of ripening of spermatozoa.

Pain in testicles

One of frequent symptoms of various diseases at men is pain in testicles. The following diseases can be the cause of emergence of such symptom:

• small egg torsion – pathology at which there is a turn of a small egg round its pivot-center in a scrotum. Thereof blood supply of seed cords stops. Feature of a pain syndrome at this pathology is its high intensity, emergence of pain on the one hand is also characteristic;
• small egg additional weight torsion – torsion of the rudimentary rest located in the field of an upper pole of a small egg. At the same time pain in an upper part of body is characteristic;
• the injury – posttraumatic pain in a small egg can be a symptom of a rupture of a small egg, to the gematotsela (accumulation of blood in a scrotum), hematomas;
• infringement of inguinal hernia – arises against the background of is long the existing hernia; pain develops suddenly, is characterized by high intensity;
• orchitis – an inflammation of a small egg, usually virus nature. Reddening of a scrotum, unilateral or bilateral pain in a small egg, fervescence is characteristic;
• epididymite – an epididymis inflammation.

Pain in testicles can be a symptom and other diseases of somatic character, but anyway emergence of such symptom has to be an occasion of the immediate request for the qualified help as at a number of diseases the forecast directly depends on timely treatment.

Spermatocele

Quite often found pathology is the spermatocele. Spermatoceles are found in about 30% of the patients for various reasons undergoing ultrasonography of a scrotum. This pathology represents the high-quality hollow educations located preferential near an epididymis in which the liquid component collects. More often cysts are located in the field of an appendage head, but can be localized on the course of a deferent duct. Cysts usually well are found at physical inspection. At the considerable sizes of a cyst, emergence of discomfort, stretching of a scrotum surgical intervention is required.

The reasons of emergence of spermatoceles are still unknown. There are assumptions that cysts arise from a deferent duct or are aneurysmal expansion of an appendage.

Cysts of the small sizes proceed asymptomatically, usually are a find at routine inspection or self-inspection.

The main method of treatment of spermatoceles is operational treatment. However at asymptomatic cysts it is not necessary. Also researches on use of sclerosing drugs, however the reliable data confirming efficiency of specific drug no were conducted. Removal of a cyst is simple operation, is usually carried out on an outpatient basis, under local or general anesthesia.