Teeth

Teeth – firm bone educations. At the person and the majority of vertebrate animals they are located in an oral cavity and captures of food, its deduction and a chewing perform functions.

At children milk teeth begin to be cut through since three months. Normal at children's age 20 milk teeth (eight cutters, four canines and eight painters) have to be cut through. During the period from six to twelve years milk teeth are replaced with constants.

The adult normal can have from 28 to 32 second teeth – eight cutters, four canines, eight premolar tooths (small molars) and from 8 to 12 painters (big molars).

Structure of teeth

Tooth consists of top (crown), a neck and a root (or roots). A crown call the site of tooth which after eruption in whole or in part acts over a gingiva. At a crown doctors allocate a surface of occlusion (smykaniye), vestibular (front), lingvalny (lingual) and approksimalny (contact) to a surface. Fangs are placed in alveolar holes – deepenings in a jaw. Cutters, canines, the first premolar tooths and the second premolar tooths have one root, and two roots depart from the first premolar tooths of an upper jaw and from painters of a mandible. Painters of an upper jaw have three roots. The tooth root keeps in an alveolus at the expense of the periodontium formed by merge of bunches of collagenic fibers.

From above each tooth is enameled – the most solid fabric in a human body. Enamel of recently cut through tooth is protected by a cuticle – thin, but very strong film. Over time the cuticle is replaced with a pellicle (derivative saliva).

Under a layer of enamel there is a dentine – a tooth basis. In a root zone dentine is penetrated by fibers of collagen and covered with cement. To the cement impregnated with mineral salts the periodontium fastens.

The space in tooth is filled with a tooth pulp – soft friable connecting tissue. The internal space of tooth is divided into the canal of a root and a cavity of a crown. The pulp is penetrated by nerve fibrils, circulatory and absorbent vessels which in roots break up to separate small branches. At caries tooth hurts because of existence in a pulp of a huge number of nerve terminations.

Functions of teeth

The functions are inherent in each type of teeth. So, cutters take and cut food, canines break off and hold food, and back teeth (big radical) fray pieces of food weight.

Besides, teeth participate in process formation of sounds of the speech.

Exodontia

Odontectomy – operation on its extraction from an alveolus.

The reasons of removal are various. The teeth which are not subject to recovery by other methods are most often extracted:

• The teeth affected with a disease of gums, especially when tooth hurts and it begins to be loosened.
• The broken teeth which cannot be recovered.
• The teeth located incorrectly in dentition.

Before making decision on removal, the stomatologist has to collect the dental and all-medical anamnesis, make necessary x-ray films. On x-ray films the doctor has to estimate a condition of tooth and its roots, and also a condition of the bone placed around a root. The anamnesis helps the doctor to obtain all necessary information about health of the patient.

Prior to a procedure of removal the doctor anesthetizes tooth, and also gums surrounding it and a bone. The anesthetizing gel of high concentration is applied on area of introduction of a needle, and the patient does not feel penetration of a needle. It allows to anesthetize process of anesthesia.

For removal the doctor expands a tooth hole, shaking tooth with small pressure back and forth. After such expansion tooth is easily taken.

Sometimes tooth very densely is placed in a hole. In this case the doctor cuts it on separate fragments, and then takes each fragment.

In a tooth hole on site of the extracted tooth the blood clot which will be transformed further to fibrous fabric forms. Fibrous fabric in several months regenerates in a bone tissue.

The odontectomy is contraindicated in the period of periods, at various diseases in an acute form, initial and last months of pregnancy, at administration of drugs, lowering coagulability of blood.

Dental care

In stomatology apply the following main types of dental care:

• Reconstruction and restoration at various damages of teeth;
• Treatment of root canals (endodontiya);
• Treatment of periodontosis.

Dental care is most often carried out without serious consequences (under anesthesia). Endodontiya – the most difficult of all dental intervention. Untimely treatment of caries can lead to a pulpitis - an inflammation of a tooth cavity and to periodontitis – a jaw bone inflammation. At a pulpitis and periodontitis tooth hurts constantly, and any pressure upon tooth strengthens pain.

Whitening of teeth

In the course of whitening of teeth the doctor laying isolates teeth from an oral cavity and gums and applies on them the bleaching gel. The bleaching gel usually contains 25-30% of peroxide of hydrogen. Gel is activated by the laser or lamp light. Then the stomatologist for strengthening of an adamantine substance of tooth processes teeth fluorine. After one procedure of whitening teeth become eight tones lighter.