Skin

Skin plays very important role in an organism. She not only covers all body, protecting it from unfavorable conditions, but still is a powerful organ of touch, temperature and painful sensitivity, participates in thermal control of an organism, in allocation of metabolic products, in formation of some biologically important substances.

Skin structure

The structure of skin allocates an upper part – epidermis, and lower – a derma, or actually skin. On a surface of a derma there is a set of skin nipples in the form of outgrowths which give to border between epidermis and a derma a wavy look in cross-section.

Epidermis protects skin from adverse effects. It consists of several layers. The lowermost, adjacent layer of epithelial cells to a derma is called basal. Its cells constantly breed, updating overlying layers, they contain a pigment the melanin defining skin color.

The layer of an epithelium second from below is called awl-shaped, its irregular shape cells are diconnected by awl-shaped tubules. The following layer – granular, in cells of an epithelium of this layer begins process of formation of horn substance of skin. The fourth layer – brilliant, it has such name because of gloss which gives to cells a keratin. The most upper layer – horn, its cell are flattened, leaky adjoin to each other and are constantly exfoliated.

The derma, or actually skin, consists of two layers. The lower papillary layer contains fibers of connecting fabric – elastic, collagenic and reticulin. Collagenic fibers pass into a hypodermic fatty tissue. The upper layer of a derma is called mesh. In it the elastic fibers giving to skin elasticity and elasticity prevail. The derma contains hair follicles, temperature, painful and tangoreceptors, sweat and sebaceous glands.

Skin diseases

Health of all organism in general affects a condition of skin. The condition of an integument suffers at associated diseases of digestive, endocrine and hemopoietic systems, at insufficient intake of some important substances, at an adverse ecological situation.

Group actually of skin diseases quite extensive, distinguish from them:

• Hereditary and inborn diseases;
• Allergodermatoza;
• Infectious and parasitic defeats;
• Tumors;
• Pigmentation disturbances;
• Damages – mechanical, chemical, thermal, etc.

Diseases of skin can arise at any age.

At an inborn genetic disease an ichthyosis excessively dry skin is subject to process of excess keratinization. It constantly cracks that causes severe pain.

At dermatitis in skin the inflammation develops. Contact dermatitis arises at influence of the damaging agents – chemical, physical, biological - directly on skin. Such dermatitis develops in the place of contact, and the area of defeat is proportional to the contact center. Refer dermatitis at burns to this category a cow-parsnip, at contact with detergents, etc.

Allergic dermatitis develops at repeated contact with allergen, the inflammation at it is caused by effects of a histamine in skin. In this case reaction is usually disproportionate to irritant force, and even small amounts of allergen are capable to cause considerable on the area and intensity of defeat. Allergen can how directly to contact to skin, and to arrive from a digestive tract. Such allergic disease of skin as atopic dermatitis is characteristic of children. At adult age it is shown in the form of neurodermatitis. Dry skin, peelings, reddenings and an itch is characteristic of these diseases.

The hyperkeratosis is shown by excess keratinization of a periblast of epidermis. This noninflammatory disease of skin. Normal excess keratinization of skin meets at posttraumatic healing. In this case upper layers of cells it is excessive protect sublayers which are recovered at this time. The phenomena of a hyperkeratosis are found also at long solar radiation. The symptoms indicating a hyperkeratosis – a thick dense bed of the keratosic skin, its tuberosity and a peeling, a painful thickening on palms and soles, keratinization of hair follicles.

Callosities on hands and legs at physical activity are a special case of a hyperkeratosis. They protect skin from excessive pressure. The expressed manifestations of callosities can be the cause of flat-footedness, deformation of feet.

Impetigo meets at children more often. This acute infectious disease of skin caused by stafilokokka and streptococci. It is very infectious, especially at decrease in immunity. Symptoms of impetigo are:

• Focal erubescences;
• Small and big bubbles with purulent contents in them on the reddened surface;
• Bubbles are opened from damages;
• In the place of opening the golden-yellow crust is formed.

Danger of impetigo is that it can extend and lead considerably to inflammatory defeats of other bodies and fabrics, and in the subsequent rheumatism.

Care of skin

Skin demands regular care. In modern living conditions she has a severe stress, and it is important to help it to resist to adverse factors of ecology.

Care of skin should be begun with the general actions which will be useful also to all organism in general:

• Regular and sufficient dream;
• Observance of a work-rest schedule;
• Healthy and healthy nutrition.

It is important to clear daily skin of stalemate and grease allocations, dust, the died-off epidermis. The daily shower will help to make it pure and if still to alternate hot and cold water, then the training for blood vessels, and also the general hardening of an organism will turn out.

Care of face skin demands thinner approach. Face skin thin and gentle, and at the wrong clarification can droop, become flabby.

At dry face skin it is desirable to wash cool water with use of the clearing means which are not containing soap which very strongly dries skin, washing away from it a protective lipidic layer. The movements when washing or at clarification by means of a cosmetic milk have to be in the direction of so-called massage lines. After washing skin is toned up using special tonics. For the night excessively dry skin is moistened with cream, it it is better to remove excesses a cotton plug 15 – 20 minutes later.

At fat skin for washing it is better to use warm water as hot strengthens release of skin fat glands, and cold clears skin insufficiently. At least 2 times a day are required to clear fat skin.

At fat skin it is especially useful to use tonics for the person. To adjust work of sebaceous glands, dermatologists recommend to do 1 – 2 time a week medical masks for fat skin.

The differentiated approach to clarification and moistening of skin will make it beautiful and healthy, prolonging her youth.